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### Python JSON: An Overview **JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)** is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write, and easy for machines to parse and generate. In Python, the **`json`** module provides functions to handle JSON data. You can use this module to encode and decode JSON data, making it easy to read from and write to files, APIs, or other data streams that use JSON. ### Common Uses of Python's `json` Module 1. **Serialization (Converting Python Objects to JSON)**    - **`json.dumps()`**: Converts a Python object (like a dictionary) into a JSON string.    - **`json.dump()`**: Writes a Python object as JSON to a file. 2. **Deserialization (Converting JSON to Python Objects)**    - **`json.loads()`**: Parses a JSON string and converts it into a Python object.    - **`json.load()`**: Reads a JSON file and converts it into a Python object. ### How to Use the `json` Module #### Example 1...

### Python Math: An Overview In Python, **math** typically refers to the **math module**, which provides mathematical functions, constants, and tools for working with numbers. This module comes pre-installed with Python, so you can easily import and use it in your code. ### Common Uses of Python's `math` Module 1. **Mathematical constants**:    - `math.pi`: Returns the value of pi (π ≈ 3.14159).    - `math.e`: Returns the base of the natural logarithm (e ≈ 2.71828). 2. **Basic Mathematical Functions**:    - `math.sqrt(x)`: Returns the square root of `x`.    - `math.pow(x, y)`: Returns `x` raised to the power of `y` (equivalent to `x ** y`).    - `math.factorial(x)`: Returns the factorial of `x`.    - `math.ceil(x)`: Rounds up `x` to the nearest integer.    - `math.floor(x)`: Rounds down `x` to the nearest integer.    - `math.gcd(x, y)`: Returns the greatest common divisor of `x` and `...

The **Python `datetime` module** provides classes for manipulating dates and times in both simple and complex ways. It allows you to work with date and time objects, extract parts of them, perform arithmetic operations, and format them in various ways. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Getting the Current Date and Time** 2. **Creating `datetime` Objects** 3. **Extracting Date and Time Components** 4. **Formatting Dates and Times (`strftime`)** 5. **Parsing Strings into `datetime` Objects (`strptime`)** 6. **Performing Arithmetic on Dates** 7. **Working with Time Zones** 8. **`timedelta` for Time Differences** 9. **Other Classes: `date`, `time`, `timedelta`** ### 1. **Getting the Current Date and Time** To get the current date and time, you can use the `datetime.now()` method from the `datetime` module. #### Example: ```python from datetime import datetime # Get the current date and time current_time = datetime.now() print(current_time) # Output: 2024-09-10 10...

A **Python module** is a file containing Python definitions, functions, classes, and statements. It allows you to logically organize your Python code and reuse it across multiple programs. Modules help keep code organized, manageable, and maintainable, especially in larger projects. ### Key Concepts: 1. **What is a Module?** 2. **Using Modules** 3. **Importing Specific Items from a Module** 4. **Creating Your Own Module** 5. **Built-in Modules** 6. **Exploring Module Contents** 7. **Module Aliases** 8. **The `__name__` variable** 9. **Using the `dir()` function** 10. **Packages (Organizing Multiple Modules)** ### 1. **What is a Module?** A module is simply a Python file with a `.py` extension that contains Python code (functions, classes, and variables). Modules can be used to structure your code into smaller, reusable pieces. #### Example of a simple module (`mymodule.py`): ```python # mymodule.py def greet(name):     return f"Hello, {...

In Python, **scope** refers to the region or context in a program where a variable or function is accessible. The scope determines the visibility and lifetime of a variable. Understanding scope helps you manage where variables are accessible and how they interact across different parts of your program. ### Types of Scopes in Python There are four types of scopes in Python: 1. **Local Scope** 2. **Enclosing Scope** 3. **Global Scope** 4. **Built-in Scope** These scopes follow the **LEGB Rule**, which is the order in which Python resolves the scope of variables: **Local, Enclosing, Global, Built-in**. ### 1. **Local Scope** Variables defined inside a function or a block are in the local scope and can only be accessed within that function or block. #### Example: ```python def my_function():     x = 10   # Local variable     print(x)   # Accessible within the function my_function()   # Output: 10 print(x)   # ...

**Polymorphism** in Python is a core concept of **Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)** that allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. It refers to the ability of different objects to respond to the same method in their own way. Polymorphism promotes flexibility and makes code more dynamic and reusable. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Method Polymorphism**: Different classes can define methods with the same name, and the method will behave according to the class it is called from. 2. **Polymorphism with Inheritance**: Classes that inherit from a common parent class can override the methods of the parent class. The method behavior depends on the object that calls it. ### 1. **Polymorphism in Built-in Functions** Many Python functions exhibit polymorphism by accepting objects of different types. For example, the `len()` function works for different data types like strings, lists, or tuples. #### Example: ```python print(len("Hello...